Home  ›  2 Minutes to Read a Page Is That Nad

2 Minutes to Read a Page Is That Nad

Written By Monday, March 7, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Techniques claiming to improve the ability to read speedily

Speed reading is whatever of many techniques claiming to improve i's ability to read apace. Speed-reading methods include chunking and minimizing subvocalization. The many available speed-reading training programs may utilize books, videos, software, and seminars. There is footling scientific evidence regarding speed reading, and equally a result its value seems uncertain. Cognitive neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene says that claims of reading up to 1,000 words per minute "must be viewed with skepticism".[one]

History [edit]

The concept of mod speed reading was thought to have formed in the late 1950s, when Evelyn Wood, a schoolteacher, began to money the term. It is said that she was curious to empathize why some people were naturally faster at reading, so tried to strength herself to read very rapidly. In 1958, while brushing off the pages of a book she had thrown, she noticed that the sweeping motion of her manus beyond the page caught the attention of her eyes, and helped them motility more than smoothly across the page. She then used the mitt as a pacer. Forest starting time taught the method at the University of Utah, before launching information technology to the public as Evelyn Forest's Reading Dynamics in Washington, D.C. in 1959.[ii]

Methods & Principles [edit]

Skimming and scanning [edit]

Skimming is a process of speed reading that involves visually searching the sentences of a folio for clues to the main idea or when reading an essay, it can mean reading the start and ending for summary information, then optionally the first sentence of each paragraph to apace determine whether to seek however more detail, as determined by the questions or purpose of the reading.[3] [4] [5] [6] [seven] For some people, this comes naturally, but is usually acquired past practice. Skimming is commonly seen more in adults than in children. It is conducted at a higher rate (700 words per minute and above) than normal reading for comprehension (around 200–230 wpm), and results in lower comprehension rates,[8] especially with data-rich reading material.

Scanning is the process where one actively looks for information using a heed-map (organizing information in a visually hierarchical style that showcases the interrelatedness of the data for ameliorate retrievability) formed from skimming.[ commendation needed ] These techniques are used by meta-guiding your eyes. Scanning includes the master betoken equally well as headings and important information.

Meta guiding [edit]

Meta guiding is the visual guiding of the eye using a finger or pointer, such as a pen, in guild for the heart to move faster along the length of a passage of text. It involves drawing invisible shapes on a page of text in order to augment the visual span for speed reading. For case, an audience of customers at a speed reading seminar will be instructed to use a finger or pen to make these shapes on a page and told that this will speed up their visual cortex, increment their visual span to have in the whole line, and fifty-fifty banner the information into their subconscious for later retrieval. It has besides been claimed to reduce subvocalization (saying words in your head rather than grasping the thought), thereby speeding up reading. Considering this encourages the heart to skim over the text, it can reduce comprehension and memory, and lead to missing important details of the text. An accent on viewing each discussion, albeit briefly without regression (Regression is an unconscious process where the eyes become frontwards two or three "stops" and then go dorsum.) is required for this method to be constructive. E.g. S move and Z motility.[ description needed ]

Speed reading is a skill honed through practise. Reading a text involves comprehension of the textile. In speed reading practice this is done through multiple reading processes: preview, overview, read, review and recite; and by read and recall (recording through writing a short summary or a mental outline) exercises.[ix] Another important method for improve comprehension is the SQ3R procedure. These processes assist an individual to retain near of the presented ideas from a reading textile. A better focus in comprehension is attained through a better reading process with expert understanding of the topic.[ clarification needed ]

Types of reading [edit]

At that place are iii types of reading:

  1. Subvocalization: sounding out each give-and-take internally, as reading to yourself. This is the slowest form of reading.
  2. Auditory reading: hearing out the read words. This is a faster procedure.
  3. Visual reading: agreement the meaning of the word, rather than sounding or hearing. This is the fastest procedure.

Subvocalization readers (Mental readers) generally read at approximately 250 words per minute, auditory readers at approximately 450 words per minute and visual readers at approximately 700 words per infinitesimal. Proficient readers are able to read 280–350 wpm without compromising comprehension.[10]

Effect on comprehension [edit]

Skimming is mainly used for researching and getting an overall idea of a text, especially when time is limited. Duggan & Payne (2009) compared skimming with reading unremarkably, given only enough time to read normally through half of a text. They found that the master points of the full text were better understood after skimming (which could view the full text) than later on normal reading (which only read one-half the text). There was no difference between the groups in their understanding of less of import data from the text.[11] Skimming or skipping over text can also aid in comprehension when layered reading, a process of strategic rereading, is employed.[12] Further findings suggest that trained speed readers have a slight reward in both comprehension and speed to untrained skimmers. It is thus suggested by experts that speed-reading is most useful to those who need "to skim a large corporeality of material or need to improve their study skills" and less useful to those who read "highly technical material that requires careful report of each sentence"[thirteen]

Software [edit]

Heart exercise for speed reading

Computer programs are available to help instruct speed reading students. Some programs present the data as a series stream, since the brain handles text more than efficiently by breaking it into such a stream before parsing and interpreting it.[ commendation needed ] The 2000 National Reading Panel (NRP) report (p. 3-1) seems to support such a mechanism.

To increment speed, some older programs required readers to view the center of the screen while the lines of text effectually it grew longer. They besides presented several objects (instead of text) that move line past line or bounce around the screen. Users had to follow the object(s) with only their eyes. A number of researchers criticize using objects instead of words every bit an effective training method, claiming that the only way to read faster is to read actual text. Many of the newer speed reading programs use built-in text, and they primarily guide users through the lines of an on-screen volume at divers speeds. Often, the text is highlighted to indicate where users should focus their eyes. They are not expected to read by pronouncing the words only instead to read by viewing the words as complete images. The exercises are likewise intended to train readers to eliminate subvocalization.

Controversies in speed reading [edit]

Mutual controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts like comprehension vs speed; reading vs skimming; popular psychology vs bear witness-based psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of fifty% is deemed unusable by some educationalists.[14] Advocates merits that speed reading is a nifty success and that it is a sit-in of expert comprehension for many purposes.[fifteen] The trade-off between speed and comprehension must be analyzed with respect to the type of reading that is existence done, the risks associated with misunderstanding due to low comprehension, and the benefits associated with getting through the material quickly and gaining information at the actual charge per unit is to exist obtained. Mark Seidenberg considers claims like reading 25,000 words per minute "cannot exist true given basic facts about optics and texts". He goes on to say that "people are as likely to read thousands of words per minute as they are to run faster than the speed of light". Marshall McLuhan was initially a convert to speed reading, withal later concluded it was simply useful for tasks similar "scanning junk mail".[16]

A plot of the eye movements of a speed reader

Similarly, in evaluating a merits that a similar reading strategy known as PhotoReading could increase reading rates to 25,000 words per infinitesimal, McNamara published a preliminary analysis funded by NASA to evaluate whether this strategy could amend reading speed, comprehension, and data gathering efficiency. When identical versions of five reading samples and accompanying reading comprehension tests were administered to a trainee and an skillful in this reading strategy, in that location was no reward in overall reading time or comprehension. This strategy may also crusade overestimation of one'southward knowledge, as demonstrated past the following case in McNamara's preliminary analysis, showing evidence of the Dunning-Kruger effect:[17]

The final task given to the PhotoReading expert was to read the three chapters from the textbook on Physiology in order to take an exam from a course that used that textbook. The question was merely: Would she pass the examination? The expert took 73 minutes to PhotoRead and read the three capacity of the textbook required for the test (i.e., 361 words per minute). She PhotoRead for 9 minutes the dark before taking the test. The following morn, she read the text using various rapid reading and activation techniques. She then answered the questions. She completed the half-dozen true/false and thirty multiple option questions, merely did not attempt to reply the fill-in-the-blank or curt-answer questions. Hence, comprehension performance on the conceptual questions was 0 pct. She answered 2 of 7 multiple-choice prior knowledge questions correctly (29%). Of the text relevant questions, she answered 4 of 6 true/fake questions correctly (67%), and 8 of 23 multiple-choice question correctly (35%). This performance is extremely low and only slightly above chance level performance for these types of questions (i.e., fifty% and 25%, respectively). In sum, she did non pass the examination.

It is important to notation that afterward PhotoReading the text (but before taking the test), she rated her understanding of the material as 4.five on a v-point scale (5 representing a skillful understanding). Moreover, she estimated that she would remember approximately 68 pct of the material for the test, with a grade of C+. This loftier level of confidence in terms of her text comprehension would take remained unshattered had she not so taken the examination – after which she rated her comprehension much lower (i.e., 2)

In a 2016 article[18] published in the journal of 'Psychological Science in the Public Interest', the authors conclude there is no 'magic bullet' for reading more than quickly while maintaining comprehension other than to practise reading and to become a more skilled language user (e.g. through increased vocabulary). The authors keep with debunking mutual speed reading techniques such as eliminating sub-vox, reading more than one discussion at a time a.chiliad.a. grouping, using RSVP (Rapid Series Visual Presentation), increasing peripheral vision, alternating colors for each line of text.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy was a proponent of speed reading,[nineteen] encouraging his staff to take lessons, and he suggested in an interview that he had a reading speed of ane,200 words per minute.[20] U.S. President Jimmy Carter, and his married woman Rosalynn, were both avid readers and enrolled in a speed-reading course at the White Business firm,[21] along with several staff members.

Ronald Carver, a professor of education enquiry and psychology, claims that the fastest college graduate readers tin can read simply almost 600 words per minute, at most twice as fast every bit their slowest counterparts, and suggests that Kennedy's claimed reading speed was more than a measure of how fast he could skim a piece of text.[22] Other critics accept suggested that speed reading is actually skimming, not reading.[23]

The Globe Championship Speed Reading Competition stresses reading comprehension as critical. The top contestants typically read around 1,000 to 2,000 words per minute with approximately l% comprehension or in a higher place. The half-dozen time world champion Anne Jones is recorded for 4200wpm with previous exposure to the material and 67% comprehension. The recorded number of words the centre can see in single fixation is three words.[24]

"Speed Reading Globe Record" claims accept been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the United states of america has claimed to be the Guinness World Record holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per infinitesimal,[25] and Maria Teresa Calderon from the Philippines claims to have earned the Guinness Globe Record for Globe's Fastest Reader at 80,000 words per infinitesimal reading speed and 100% comprehension. [26] Critics indicate out that it is possible to beat some speed reading earth records by reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages as fast as possible without reading information technology. The Guinness Speed Reading World Record Standards are non known and they have terminated[ when? ] adding speed readers to its award list. In 2015, Memoriad, the Earth Mental Sports Federation, prepare the rules for "Speed Reading World Record Standards" in order to prevent unclear claims.[27] [28]

Come across likewise [edit]

  • Incremental reading – reading method aimed at long-term memorization
  • Learning styles
  • Learning to read
  • Pareto principle
  • Slow reading − intentional reduction in the speed of reading
  • TL;DR an abbreviation for "Too Long; Didn't Read"

References [edit]

  1. ^ Dehaene, Stanislas (26 October 2010). Reading in the Encephalon. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 17–xviii. ISBN978-0-14311-805-3.
  2. ^ Frank, Stanley D. (1994). Remember Everything You lot Read: The Evelyn Wood Seven-Twenty-four hours Speed Reading and Learning Program. Cambridge Academy Printing. p. 40. ISBN978-i-56619-402-0.
  3. ^ "Study Skills – Constructive reading strategies". Charles Darwin Academy . Retrieved eleven Baronial 2017.
  4. ^ "How to read an academic article – part 7". Len M Holmes.org.uk . Retrieved eleven August 2017.
  5. ^ "How to read an academic article – part 1". Len M Holmes.org.u.k. . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  6. ^ Keshav, S. (17 Feb 2016). "How to Read a Newspaper" (PDF). University of Waterloo . Retrieved eleven August 2017.
  7. ^ "Paragraphs and Topic Sentences". Indiana University . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  8. ^ Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0. Archived from the original on 17 Apr 2015. Retrieved xv May 2016.
  9. ^ Brown, Emily (23 June 2017). "Method to Improve Reading Speed". GetAcademicHelp.com.
  10. ^ "Speed Reading". The Academy of Chicago Student Wellness and Counseling Services. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 30 Dec 2017.
  11. ^ Duggan, G.B.; Payne, South.J. (September 2009). "Text skimming: the procedure and effectiveness of foraging through text nether time pressure" (PDF). J Exp Psychol Appl. xv (3): 228–242. doi:10.1037/a0016995. PMID 19751073.
  12. ^ Lemov, Doug; Driggs, Colleen; Woolway, Erica (2016). Reading Reconsidered: A Practical Guide to Rigorous Literacy Educational activity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63. ISBN978-1-11910-424-7.
  13. ^ Vanderlinde, William (2018). "Speed Reading: Fact or Fiction?". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (iv): 47–49.
  14. ^ Carver, Ronald P. (1992). "Reading Rate: Theory, Research, and Applied Implications". Periodical of Reading. 36 (two): 84–95.
  15. ^ Buzan, Tony (2006). The Speed Reading Book. Harlow: BBC Active. ISBN978-1-4066-1021-5.
  16. ^ Seidenberg, Mark (2017). Language at the Speed of Sight: How We Read, Why So Many Can't, and What Can Be Done Nearly It. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 70–84. ISBN978-0-46508-065-6.
  17. ^ McNamara, Danielle S. (xxx September 1999). "Preliminary Analysis of PhotoReading" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server . Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  18. ^ Rayner, Keith; Schotter, Elizabeth R.; Masson, Michael E. J.; Potter, Mary C.; Treiman, Rebecca (14 January 2016). "Then Much to Read, So Picayune Fourth dimension". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (one): four–34. doi:10.1177/1529100615623267. ISSN 1529-1006. PMID 26769745.
  19. ^ Schoenberg, Philip Ernest (2000). "John F. Kennedy on Leadership". The Presidential Proficient. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009.
  20. ^ Noah, Timothy (18 February 2000). "JFK, Speed-Reader". Slate. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  21. ^ "American Feel". PBS. 2002. Archived from the original on 8 September 2005.
  22. ^ Noah, Timothy (xviii February 2000). "The 1,000-Discussion Dash". Slate.
  23. ^ Carroll, Robert T. (26 Oct 2015). "Speed-reading". The Skeptic's Dictionary.
  24. ^ Bremer, Rod (2011). The Transmission: A Guide to the Ultimate Study Method (2nd ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publishing. ISBN978-0-99349-640-0.
  25. ^ "Howard Berg "World'due south Fastest Reader" on Adieu Tampa Bay, Fob xiii Tampa, 02-16-13". YouTube. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  26. ^ "World'southward fastest reader (80,000 words per infinitesimal)". YouTube. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  27. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards". Memoriad.com.
  28. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards - Memoriad". YouTube. 9 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Carver, Ronald P. (1990). Reading Rate: A Review of Research and Theory. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12162-420-0.
  • Cunningham, A. E.; Stanovich, K. East.; Wilson, M. R. (1990). "Cognitive Variation in Adult Higher Students Differing in Reading Power". In Carr, Thomas H.; Levy, Betty Ann (eds.). Reading and its Development: Component Skills Approaches. New York City: Bookish Printing. pp. 129–159. ISBN978-0-12160-645-9.
  • A Review of the Research on the Instructional Effectiveness of AceReader. Report No. 258 (PDF) (Report). Educational Inquiry Constitute of America. 2006.
  • "FTC Action against Kevin Trudeau". Quackwatch.org. 23 July 2000.
  • "Announced Actions for June 19, 1998". Federal Merchandise Committee. 19 June 1998.
  • Harris, Albert J.; Sipay, Edward R. (1990). How to Increment Reading Ability (9th ed.). New York Metropolis: Longman. ISBN978-0-80130-246-6.
  • Homa, Donald (1983). "An cess of two "extraordinary" speed-readers". Message of the Psychonomic Society. 21 (2): 123–126. doi:10.3758/BF03329973.
  • Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0.
  • McBride, Vearl One thousand. (1973). Damn the School Organization – Full Speed Ahead!. New York Metropolis: Exposition Press. ISBN978-0-68247-695-9.
  • "Chapter 3: Fluency". Teaching Children To Read : An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Inquiry Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Education : Reports of the Subgroups (PDF) (Study). Washington, D.C.: National Reading Panel. 2000. p. iii-1.
  • Nell, Victor (1988). "The Psychology of Reading for Pleasure. Needs and Gratifications". Reading Research Quarterly. 23 (1): vi–50. doi:10.2307/747903.
  • Perfetti, Charles A. (1985). Reading Ability. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19503-501-8.
  • Roesler, Peter (2021). Principles of Speed Reading (PDF). Duesseldorf, Federal republic of germany: exclam. ISBN978-iii-943736-12-0.
  • Schmitz, Wolfgang (2013). Schneller lesen – besser verstehen [Reading faster – understanding better] (in German). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN978-3-49963-045-3.
  • Scheele, Paul R. (1996). The PhotoReading Whole Mind Organisation (2d ed.). Wayzata, Minn: Learning Strategies Corp. ISBN978-0-92548-052-1.
  • Stancliffe, George D. (2003). Speed Reading iv Kids (3rd ed.). Bespeak Roberts, WA: The American Speed Reading Projection. ISBN978-0-97141-762-v.
  • Woods, Evelyn Nielsen; Barrows, Marjorie Wescott (1958). Reading Skills. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Davis, Zach (2009). PoweReading. Informationswelle nutzen, Zeit sparen, Effektivität steigern [PoweReading. Utilise the data wave, salvage time, increase effectiveness] (in German). Munich: Peoplebuilding Verlag. ISBN978-three-98095-360-iii.
  • "Reading: Skimming and scanning". BBC Skillswise . Retrieved thirteen August 2019.

External links [edit]

  • Sorry, But Speed Reading Won't Help You Read More than
  • Golovatyi, Aleksandr (v July 2019). "How To Read 3x Faster: Some Communication from Readlax". Medium.com.
  • Ferriss, Tim (13 May 2014). "How I Learned to Read 300 Percent Faster in 20 Minutes". Huffington Post.
  • Dunning, Brian (26 October 2010). "Skeptoid #229: Speed Reading". Skeptoid.

washingtonbrin1950.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_reading

0 Response to "2 Minutes to Read a Page Is That Nad"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel